Al-Razi (Rhazes) and Early Neurological Treatments in Medieval Medicine

An MVP version of Chapter 11 Volume 1 of the Neuroscience Edition

The Islamic Golden Age produced innovative clinicians like Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi—known as Rhazes (854–925 AD). Born in Rayy near modern Tehran, al-Razi directed hospitals in Rayy and Baghdad, advancing clinical observation and treatment. His meticulous records distinguished diseases and emphasized gentle therapies, contributing to neurological understanding during a period of scientific flourishing.

Al-Razi (Rhazes) depicted treating patients in a medieval manuscript (credit: Wikimedia)

Picture Baghdad’s hospital in the early 10th century: al-Razi examines a child with fever, stiff neck, confusion. He diagnoses meningitis, prescribes cool compresses, hydration, rest. The child recovers. This insight, from al-Razi’s writings, shows observational genius—separating diseases by symptoms.

Al-Razi authored over 200 works, including 25-volume Kitab al-Hawi fi al-Tibb—encyclopedic compilation with cases. His On Smallpox and Measles distinguished the two. In neurology, he described facial paralysis, recurrent headaches, epilepsy triggers.

Al-Razi emphasized gentle treatments: diet, exercise, baths, music for melancholy. Warned against harsh bloodletting, favoring balance. For stroke-like symptoms, massage and mobilization—early physical therapy.

Experimental mindset: tested remedies, controlled observations. Anecdote: chose hospital site by meat spoilage—prioritizing hygiene.

Brain understanding: nerves as conduits, brain command center. Described hemiplegia from lesions, noting recovery potential.

Uplifting cases: paralyzed patients regaining function through rest—early rehabilitation.

Al-Razi influenced Avicenna and Europe via translations. His ethics—truth-seeking, patient-first—uplift medicine.

As we approach medieval thinkers, al-Razi’s contributions highlight clinical observation—foundation for brain adaptability understanding.

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